Staff

Professor Paul Weindling

Wellcome Trust Research Professor in the History of Medicine

Postgraduate Teaching

Special Subjects for the MA in Health, Medicine and Society:

  • P68502 Ethics & Ideas:From the Hippocratic Oath to Informed Consent

Research

History of eugenics; public health organization; twentieth century disease patterns.

Professor Paul Weindling’s research covers evolution and society, public health, and human experimentation post-1800. He has especial interests in eugenics, human experiments, corporate philanthropies like the Rockefeller Foundation, and medical refugees. He has recently completed a biographical project on the remarkable life of psychiatrist John West Thompson.

Research in progress is as follows:

  1. Arising from research on Nazi medical war crimes and the origins of informed consent, he is trying to establish how many victims of Nazi human experiments there were, and who they were. The aim is to establish a comprehensive analysis for reference purposes.
  2. European Medical Refugees in Great Britain, 1930s to 50s. This research is based on a database of nearly 4800 medical refugees, as well as textual archives held in the Centre. The aim is to evaluate the place of the refugees in the overall context of the modernisation of British medicine. The records cover medical researchers, medical practitioners, dental surgeons, psychoanalysts, psychologists, nurses, and all other health-related occupations. Children are included who came as refugees to the UK.
  3. International Health in the Twentieth Century. This project examines the shift from international sanitary agreements to major organisations for international health. The Rockefeller Foundation played a key role in the interwar period, and raises controversies concerning imperialism and the social implications of professionalisation. A crucial issue is the extent that international organisations were expected to be subservient to governments or whether they could take autonomous initiatives.
  4. Eugenics as an International Movement. This study considers the origins of eugenics as an organised movement on an international basis. Particular attention is paid to the spread of eugenics societies and their membership, and to the support for eugenics of philanthropists and foundations.

Grants currently held:

  • Principal Investigator for Wellcome Trust Programme Grant (with Viviane Quirke and Marius Turda for research project: 'Subjects' Narratives of Medical Research in Europe, ca. 1940-2001'. Period of award 1 January 2012 - 31 December 2016.
  • Principal Investigator for Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for research project: 'Health Care in Public and Private'. Period of award 1 October 2007 - 30 September 2013.
  • Research grant from 'The Rabbi Israel Miller Fund for Shoah Research, Documentation and Education of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, Inc' for a project: 'Victims of Nazi Medical Experiments'. Period of award 1 August 2011 - 31 May 2013.
Recent grants:

Editorships

(Co-editor with M.A. Crowther 1992-6, with Elizabeth Fee and Hilary Marland 1996-8) Social History of Medicine, vol. 5-12 (1992-8), published by Oxford University Press for the Society for the Social History of Medicine.

(Series editor) British Society for the History of Science Monographs (1991-6). [S. Sheets Pyenson, The Scientific Correspondence of John William Dawson; M. Shortland, Science and Nature. Essays in the History of Ecology; M. Hunter, The Royal Society and its Fellows 1660-1700 (revised edition); M. Crosland, In the Shadow of Lavoisier; P. Bowler (ed), E.R. Lankester and the Making of British Biology. L.J. Jordanova and R.S. Porter (eds.), Images of the Earth (revised edition).]

(Editor) International Health History. A Newsletter, June, 1995.

The Nuremberg Medical Trial 1946/47. Transcripts, Material of the Prosecution and Defense. Related Documents. English Edition, On Behalf of the Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts Edited By Klaus Dörner, Angelika Ebbinghaus and Karsten Linne, in cooperation with Karlheinz Roth and Paul Weindling. Microfiche Edition (Munich: Saur 1999).

(Editor, with Roger Griffin and Marius Turda) Central European University Press series, Racial Sciences and Biomedicine in Central and Southeast Europe, 1860-1945 (2008-)

Publications

(Most recent publications are listed first. See also this web page for articles and chapters published before 2000.)

Books

  • John W. Thompson, Psychiatrist in the Shadow of the Holocaust (Rochester, NY: Rochester University Press, 2010).
  • Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent (Basingstoke, Palgrave-Macmillan: 2004)
  • Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 463.
  • Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 Cambridge Monographs in the History of Medicine, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 641. Paperback edn, 1993. Pp. 493-7 reprinted as ‘Racial Hygiene and Professional Leadership’, Neil Gregor ed., Nazism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford Readers, 2000), pp. 258-62.
  • L’hygiène de la race. L’hygiène raciale et l’eugénisme médical en l’allemagne 1870-1933 (Paris: La Découverte, 1998), pp. 304.
  • Darwinism and Social Darwinism in Imperial Germany: The Contribution of the Cell Biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849 - 1922) = Forschungen zur Medizin- und Biologiegeschichte vol. 3, (Stuttgart: G. Fischer in association with Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, 1991), pp. 355.

Edited Volumes:

  • (Editor, with Shula Marks and Laura Wintour), In Defence of Learning: The Plight, Persecution, and Placement of Academic Refugees, 1933-1980s (Proceedings of the British Academy) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)
  • (Editor, with Volker Roelcke and Louise Westwood), International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, & the United States to World War II (Rochester Studies in Medical History - Boydell and Brewer, 2010).
  • (Editor) Special Issue on: ‘Medical Refugees in Britain and the Wider World’, Social History of Medicine, issue 3 (2009).
  • (Editor, M. Turda ) 'Blood and Homeland': Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006).
  • (Editor) International Health Organisations and Movements 1918-1939, Cambridge Monographs in the History of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. xvi, 337.
  • (Editor) The Social History of Occupational Health (London: Croom Helm for the Society for the Social History of Medicine, 1985), pp. 267.
  • (Editor, with P. Corsi) Information Sources for the History of Science and Medicine, London: Butterworths, 1983, pp. 531. [Commended for the Besterman Medal by the Library Association, 1984]. Revised Italian edn: Storia della Scienza e della Medicina - Bibliografia Critica (Rome: Theoria, 1993).

Chapters and articles

2012
  • ‘Victims, witnesses and the ethical legacy of the Nuremberg Medical Trial’, in Kim Priemel and Alexa Stiller (eds), Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography (New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012).
  • ‘From disease prevention to population control: The realignment of Rockefeller Foundation policies 1920s–1950s’, in Helke Rausch and John Krige (eds), American Foundations and the Coproduction of World Order in the Twentieth Century (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012).
  • ‘Die Opfer von Menschenversuchen und gewaltsamer Forschung im Nationalsozialismus mit Fokus auf Geschlecht und Rasse. Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts’, in Insa Eschebach and Astrid Ley  (eds),  Geschlecht und Rasse in der NS-Medizin (Berlin: Metropol Verlag, 2012). 
  • ‘The Social History of Public and Private Medicine in the Perspective of South East Europe’, in Marius Turda (ed.), ‘Special Issue: Health and Society: Private and Public Medical Traditions in Greece and the Balkans, 1453-1920’, Deltos: Journal of the History of Hellenic Medicine (2012), 62-64.
  • Stephan Kolb, Paul Weindling [corresponding author], Volker Roelcke, Horst Seithe, ‘Apologising for Nazi medicine: a constructive starting point’, The Lancet, 380, 9843 (2012), 722-723. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61396-8
  • ‘“Cleansing” anatomical collections: The politics of removing specimens from German anatomical and medical collections 1988–92’, Annals of Anatomy, 194, 3 (2012), 237-242. 
  •  ‘The Biological Reform of Mankind - Julian Huxley and the Continuity of Eugenics from Imperialism to 1960s Britain’, Journal of Modern European History (2012). 
2011
  • ‘Medical Refugees from Czechoslovakia in the UK. A Total Population Approach to Assistance Organisations and Careers, 1938-1945’, in M. Stella, Antonin Kostlán and Sona Štrabáňová (eds), Scholars in Exile and Dictatorships of the 20th Century. May 24-26, 2011, Prague. Conference Proceedings (Prague Academy of Sciences, 2011). 
  • ‘Menschenversuche und Euthanasie – das Zitieren von Namen, historische Aufarbeitung und Gedenken’, Arbeitskreis zur Erforschung der nationalsozialistischen “Euthanasie” und Zwangssterilisation’, in (ed.), Den Opfern ihre Namen geben. NS- “Euthanasie”-Verbrechen, historisch-politische Verantwortung und Erinnerungskultur (Bad Irsee: Impulse, 2011), pp.115-32.
  • ‘“Our Racial Friends”: Disease, Poverty and Social Darwinism 1860-1940’, in Nicholas Saul and Simon J. James (eds), The evolution of literature: legacies of Darwin in European cultures (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011), pp.35-50.
  • ‘From Refugee Assistance to Freedom of Learning: the Strategic Vision of A.V. Hill’, in Shula Marks, Paul Weindling and Laura Wintour (eds), In Defence of Learning The Plight, Persecution, and Placement of Academic Refugees, 1933-1980s (Proceedings of the British Academy) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 59-76
  • ‘Racial Expertise and German Eugenic Strategies for Southeastern Europe’, in Christian Promitzer, Marius Turda, Sevasti Trubeta (eds), Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (Budapest: Central European University Press 2011), pp. 27-54.
  • ‘From Scientific Object to Commemorated Victim: The Children of the Spiegelgrund’, in Ilana Löwy (ed.), Microscope Slides: Reassessing a Neglected Historical Resource (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2011), pp. 77-88.
  • ‘Medizinische Gräueltaten in Mauthausen und Gusen: Die Opfer erzwungener medizinischer Forschung’, KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen - Mauthausen Memorial Jahrbuch (2011), 41-54. 
  • ‘Critics, Commentators and Opponents of Eugenics 1880s–1950s’, East Central Europe, 38, 1 (2011), 79-96.
2010
  • ‘Genetics, Eugenics and the Holocaust’, in Denis R. Alexander and Ron Numbers (eds), Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2010).
  • 'Alien Psychiatrists. Britain and its Psychiatric Refugees 1933-45', in Louise Westwood, Paul Weindling and Volker Roelcke (eds), International Relations in Psychiatry: Britain, Germany, & the United States to World War II (Rochester Studies in Medical History - Boydell and Brewer, 2010), pp.53-70.
2009
  • ‘The Extraordinary Career of the Virologist Eugen Haagen', in Marion Hulverscheidt and Anja Laukotter (eds), Infektion und Institution: Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Robert Koch-Instituts im Nationalsozialismus (Goettingen: Wallstein, 2009).
  • ‘Medical Refugees in Britain and the Wider World’, Social History of Medicine, 22, 3 (2009), 451-459.
  • ‘Medical Refugees and the Modernisation of Twentieth-century British Medicine’, Social History of Medicine, 22, 3 (2009), 489-511.
  • ‘A City Regenerated: Eugenics, Race and Welfare in Interwar Vienna’, in Deborah Holmes and Lisa Silverman (eds), Interwar Vienna: Culture between Tradition and Modernity (New York: Camden House, 2009).
  • ‘The Fractured Crucible: Images of the Scientific Survival. The Defence of Ludwik Fleck’, in Johannes Fehr, Nathalie Jas and Ilana Löwy (eds), Penser avec Ludwik Fleck – Investigating a Life Studying Life Sciences (Zurich: Ludwik Fleck Centre, Collegium Helveticum, 2009), pp.47-62.
  • ‘Migration, race et génocide: l’émergence d’un nouveau discours sur les droits de l’homme’, in Pilar Gonzale-Bernaldo, Manuela Martini, Marie-Louise Pelus-Kaplan (eds), Étrangers et Sociétés: contacts et regards croisés (Rennes: Presse Universitaire de Rennes, 2009), pp. 265-70.
2008
  • ‘The Nazi Medical Experiments’, Ezekiel J. Emanuel et al. (ed.), The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics (Oxford: OUP, 2008), pp. 18-30.
  • ‘Alice Ricciardi von Platen’, The Guardian (13 March, 2008).
  • “Deadly Medicine”, (essay review), Social History of Medicine (2008), vol. 21(1): 208-212
  • ‘Foreword’: to Michal Simunek and Dietmar Schultze (eds), Die Nationalsozialistische “Euthanasie” im Reichsgau Sudetenland und Protektorat Böhmen und Mähren 1939-1945 (Prague: Institute of Contemporary History of the Academy of Sciences, 2008).
  • ‘The Origins of the Hospice in the Shadow of the Holocaust’, Giving, vol.. 2 (2008) .
  • “Entschädigung der Sterilisierungs- und Euthanasie-Opfer nach 1945”, Klaus-Dietmar Henke (ed), Tödliche Medizin im Nationalsozialismus. Von der Rassenhygiene zum Massenmord (Cologne: Böhlau, 2008), 31-46.
  • “Medical Refugees as Practitioners and Patients: Public, Private and Practice Records”, Yearbook of the Research Centre for German and Austrian Exile Studies, vol. 9, Refugee Archives: Theory and Practice, pp. 141-156.
  • “Einleitung Volk and Forschung: eine Wissenschaft für die Nation”, Michael Fahlbusch and Ingo Haar (eds), Handbuch der völkischen Wissenschaften (Munich: Saur, 2008), 13-18.
  • “ “For the Love of Christ”. The French Vatican Mission to Germany”, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 43 no. 3 (2008) – Special issue ‘Relief and Rehabilitation’, Guest Editor Jessica Reinisch.
2007
  • ‘Un internationaliste visionnaire confronté aux réalités de la guerre froide: John W. Thompson et le programme de l’UNESCO pour l’Allemagne, 1945-1955’, 60 ans d’histoire de l’UNESCO. Actes du colloque international 16-18 Novembre 2005 (Paris: UNESCO, 2007), 253-262.
  • BBC Television “See Hear”. BBC Television: See Hear! Contributor to programme on the Deaf Holocaust (7 November).
  • “Zwischen Forschung und Genozid. Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozess 1946/47: Raphael Lemkins Standpunkt über Menschenversuche und Genozid”, Acta Historica Leopoldina, no. 48 (2007), 79-87.
  • ‘Blood’, ‘Demographic Policy’, ‘Eugenics’, ‘Euthanasia’, ‘H.F.K. Gunther’, ‘Health’, ‘Medicine’ in: Cyprian Blamires (ed), Historical Encyclopaedia of World Fascism (ABC, Clio, 2007)
  • “Ansteckungsherde. Die deutsche Bakteriologie als wissenschaftlicher Rassissmus, 1890-1920”, Philipp Sarasin et al. (eds), Bakteriologie und Moderne. Studien zur Biopolitik des Unsichtbaren 1870-1920 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2007), 354-374.
2006
  • “German Overtures to Russia, 1919-1925. Between Racial Expansion and National Coexistence”, Susan Solomon (ed), Doing Medicine Together. Germany and Russia between the Wars (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 35-60.
  • 'Medical Refugees inWales 1930s-50s', in Pamela Michael and Charles Webster (eds), Health and Society in Twentieth-Century Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2006), 183-200.
  • 'Central Europe confronts German racial hygiene: Friedrich Hertz, Hugo Iltis and Ignaz Zollschan as critics of German racial hygiene', in M. Turda and P. Weindling (eds), 'Blood and Homeland': Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006).
  • 'The evolution of Jewish identity: Ignaz Zollschan between Jewish and Aryan race theories, 1910-1945', Geoffrey Cantor and Marc Swetlitz (eds), Jewish Tradition and the Challenge of Darwinism (Chicago University Press, 2006), 116-136.
  • ''From Medical War Crimes to Compensation: the Plight of Victims of Human Experiments", Wolfgang Eckart (ed.), Man, Medicine and the State (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 2006), 237-249.
  • '"Belsenitis". Liberating Belsen, its Hospitals, and Selection for Re-emigration, 1945-1948'. Science in Context , vol. 19 no. 3 (2006), 401-418.
  • "As origenes da participacao da America Latina na Organizacao da Saude da Liga das Nacoes, 1920-40 [The League of Nations Health Organisation and Latin America]", História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos , vol. 13 no. 3 (2006).
2005
  • 'Inter-war morbidity surveys: communities as health experiments', in Iris Borowy and Wolf D. Gruner (eds), Facing Illness in Troubled Times. Health in Europe in the Interwar Years 1918-1939 (Frankfurt/M: Peter Lang, 2005).
  • 'L’eugénisme comme médicine sociale: l’époque de Weimar', Revue d’histoire de la Shoah, 183, (2005), 135-142. [Volume title: Classer/penser/exclure. De l’eugénisme à l’hygiène raciale].
2004
  • 'Akteure in eigener Sache: Die Aussagen der Überlebenden und die Verfolgung der medizinischen Kriegsverbrechen nach 1945', in C. Sachse (ed), Die Verbindung nach Auschwitz - Biowissenschaften und Menschenversuche an Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004), pp. 255-282.
  • 'Verdacht, Kontrolle, Aussöhnung. Adolf Butenandts Platz in der Wissenschaftspolitik der Westalliierten (1945-1955)', in Wolfgang Schieder and Achim Trunk (eds), Adolf Butenandt und die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft.Wissenschaft, Industrie und Politik im “Dritten Reich” (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004), pp. 320-46.
  • 'From Germ Theory to Social Medicine. Public Health 1880-1930', in Deborah Brunton (ed), Medicine Transformed. Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1800-1930 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), pp. 257-283.
  • '"No Mere Murder Trial": The Discourse on Human Experiments at the Nuremberg Medical Trial', in V. Roelcke and G. Maio (eds), Twentieth Century Ethics of Human Subjects Research (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), pp.167-180.
  • “Internationalism and Public Health”, “Public and Private Patronage of Biological and Medical Research”, (Enciclopedia Italiana, in press), vol. 8 Sez. Biomedicina, 833-837.
  • “Code de Nuremberg”, “Nazisme et médecine”, “Typhus” in D. Lecourt and C. Sinding (eds), Dictionnaire de la pensée médicale (Paris: puf, 2004), pp. 263-66, 782-5, 1170-5.
  • ‘Gebrochene Lebenswege. Erfahrungen medizinischer Flüchtinge in Grossbritannien und weiteren Ländern”, Albrecht Scholtz and Caris-Petra Heidel (eds) Emigrantenschicksale. Einfluss der jüdischen Emigranten auf Sozialpolitik und Wissenschaft in den Aufnahmeländern. Medizin und Judentum vol. 7 (Frankfurt am Main: Mabuse, 2004), pp. 9-18.
  • BBC Television: See Hear! Consultant and contributor to 'The Aryan Race: eradicating the inferior', 6 and 9 March 2004.
  • ‘Kenneth Mellanby’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004).
2003
  • 'Le Code de Nuremberg, Andrew Conway Ivy et les crimes de guerre médicaux nazis', in C. Bonah, E. Lepicard, V. Roelcke (eds), La médicine expérimentale au tribunal (Paris: CPI, 2003), pp. 185-214.
  • 'Alexander Mitscherlich und die deutsche medizinische Kommission beim Nürnberger Ärzteprozess', in Woelck, Sparing, Bayer, Esch (eds), Nach der Diktatur (Düsseldorf, Klartext, 2003), pp. 69-85.
  • 'Genetik und Menschenversuche in Deutschland 1940-1960. Hans Nachtsheim, die Kaninchen von Dahlem und die Kinder vom Bullenhuser Damm', in Hans-Walter Schmuhl (ed.), Rassenforschung an Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten vor und nach 1933 (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2003), pp. 245-274.
  • 'Modernising Eugenics. The Role of Foundations in International Population Studies', In: Giuliana Gemelli and Roy MacLeod (eds), American Foundations in Europe. Grant-Giving Policies, Cultural Diplomacy and Trans-Atlantic Relations, 1920-1980 (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2003), pp. 167-180.[= as in Minerva, 2002]
  • '"Mustergau" Thüringen. Rassenhygiene zwischen Ideologie und Machtpolitik', in: Uwe Hossfeld et al. (ed.), 'Kämpferische Wissenschaft'. Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus (Vienna: Böhlau, 2003), pp. 1013-1026. [revised and updated version of 1991 paper]
  • 'The Nazi Movement and Eugenics', Encyclopedia of the Human Genome (London: Nature Publishing Group, 2003)
  • Radio 4, BBC Wales: contributor to Nazi Blood.
2002
  • 'Modernising Eugenics. The Role of Foundations in International Population Studies', Minerva (2002), 167-179.
  • Foreword to Gabrielle Moser, Sozialhygiene und öffentliches Gesundheitswesen in der Weimarer Republik und der frühen SBZ/DDR (Frankfurt am Main: VAS, 2002), 7-9.'The Medical Publisher J.F. Lehmann and Racial Hygiene', in Sigrid Stöckel (ed), Die "rechte" Nation und ihr Verleger. Politik und Popularisierung im J.F. Lehmanns Verlag 1890-1979 (Berlin: Lehmanns Media, 2002), pp. 159-170.'Dehumanising Medicine', in R. vom Bruch and Brigitte Kaderas (eds),Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2002), pp. 288-290.
  • 'The Divisions in Weimar Medicine: German Public Health and the League of Nations Health Organization', in Sigrid Stöckel and Ulla Walter (eds), Prävention im 20. Jahrhundert (Weinheim: Juventa, 2002), pp. 110-121.
  • 'The Ethical Legacy of Nazi Medical War Crimes: Human Experiments and International Justice', in Justine Burley and John Harris (eds), A Companion to Genethics (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 53-69.
  • 'Die Rolle der Opfer und der ärztlichen Untersucher bei der Formulierung des Nürnberger Kodex', in Stephan Kolb et al. (ed), Medizin und Gewissen, wenn Würde ein Wert würde… (Frankfurt am Main: Mabuse Verlag, 2002), pp. 42-53.
  • 'Frauen aus medizinischen Berufen als Flüchtlinge in Großbritannien während der 1930er und 1940er Jahre', in Ulrike Lindner und Merith Niehuss (eds), Ärztinnen – Patientinnen. Frauen im deutschen und britishen Gesundheitswesen des 20. Jahrhunderts (Cologne: Böhlau, 2002), pp. 111-127.
  • '"Out of the Ghetto": The Rockefeller Foundation Confronts German Medical Sciences after the Second World War', in William H. Schneider (ed), The Rockefeller Foundation and Biomedicine: International Achievements and Frustrations from World War I to the Cold War (Indiana University Press, 2002), pp. 208-222.
  • 'Les racines françaises du code de Nuremberg', La recherche, no. 7 (avril, 2002), 105-107.
2001
  • 'Physicians as Migrants: Sickness and the Forced Migration of Medical Refugees from Germany 1933-1945', in Peter Marschalck and Karl Heinz Wiedl (eds), Migration und Krankheit (Osnabrück: Rasch, 2001), = IMIS-Schriften 10, pp. 55-64.
  • 'Zur Vorgeschichte des Nürnberger Ärzteprozesses', in Angelika Ebbinghaus and Klaus Dörner (eds), Vernichten und Heilen. Der Nürnberger Ärzteprozess und seine Folgen (Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 2001), pp. 26-47. (Paperback edn 2002)'Die Internationale Wissenschaftskommission zur Erforschung medizinischer Kriegsverbrechen', Vernichten und Heilen (2001) 439-451.
  • 'Genocide', in Colin Blakemore and Sheila Jennett (eds), Oxford Companion to the Body (Oxford: OUP, 2001), pp. 315.'Gerechtigkeit aus der Perspektive der Medizingeschichte: “Euthanasie” im Nürnberger Ärzteprozess', in Andreas Frewer and Josef Neumann (eds), Medizingeschichte und Medizinethik. Kontroversen und Begründungsansätze 1900-1950 (Frankfurt: Campus, 2001), pp. 311-333.
  • 'Auf der Spur von Medizinverbrechen: Keith Mant (1919-200) und sein Debut als forensischer Pathologe', 1999. Zeitschrift f. Sozialgeschichte des 20. Und 21. Jahrhunderts, vol. 16 (2001) 129-139.
  • 'The Selection of Defendants and Witnesses at the Nuremberg Medical Trial', in T. Ruzicka et al. (eds), Mensch und Medizin in Totalitären und Demokratischen Systemen (Essen: Klartext, 2001), pp. 93-100.
  • 'Austrian Medical Refugees in Great Britain 1938-1945', in Sonia Horn and Peter Malina (eds), Medizin im Nationalsozialismus – Wege der Aufarbeitung (Vienna: OAK Verlag, 2001), pp. 289-92.
  • 'What Did the Allies Know about Criminal Human Experiments in the War and its Immediate Aftermath?', in Astrid Ley (ed.), Menschenversuche (Erlangen Museum:2001), pp. 52-66.
  • 'The Scientist as Survivor: Ludwik Fleck and the Holocaust', La Lettre de la Maison Française d’Oxford, no. 13 (2001), 85-96.
  • 'Emil von Behring', 'Paul Ehrlich', in Arne Hessenbruch (ed.), Reader’s Guide to the History of Science (London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001), pp. 71-73, 197-198.‘The Origins of Informed Consent: The International Commission for the Investigation of Medical War Crimes, and the Nuremberg Code’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 75 (2001), 37-71.
2000
  • 'An Overloaded Ark? The Rockefeller Foundation and Refugee Medical Scientists, 1933-1945', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Science, 31 (2000), 477-489.
  • 'From International to Zonal Trials: the Origins of the Nuremberg Medical Trial', Holocaust and Genocide Studies,14 (2000), 367-89.
  • '"Tales from Nuremberg": the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology and Allied Medical War Crimes Policy’, in Doris Kaufmann (ed.), Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus. Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven der Forschung, 2 Bde., (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2000), pp. 621-38.
  • 'European Health between the Wars', in R. Cooter and J. Pickstone (eds), Medicine in the Twentieth Century (Harwood Academic Publishers, 2000), pp. 39-50.
  • Please click here for articles, chapters etc. published from 1979-1999.

Reviews:

Reviews have been published in:- American Historical Review, Annals of Science, British Journal for the History of Science, British Medical Journal, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, Canadian Jounal of History, Central European History, Dynamis, English Historical Review, German Historical Institute London. Bulletin, German History, Gesnerus, History, History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, History Workshop Journal, Isis, Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Journal of Modern History, Journal of Social Policy, Medical History, Monumenta Nipponica, Nature, New Community, Nuncius, Social History of Medicine, Times Higher Educational Supplement, Times Literary Supplement, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte.

Consultancy

Historical adviser for Yorkshire Television programme on Ludwik Fleck in Buchenwald, No Final Truth, 1992